Read on to find out just how to combine multiple pdf files on macos and windows 10. An oversized pdf file can be hard to send through email and may not upload onto certain file managers. The present study is an effort to gain strength of concrete by replacing ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs that which is obtained from the molten steel is used as supplementary material for ordinary cement and. Ecoplus concrete mix with 70% regen ggbs was used in the turbine bases at the clyde wind farm adding sustainability and durability. This is the most widely use scms with replacement of cement in concrete mixes.
What is the advantage of using ggbs as replacement of cement. Groundgranulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious and high in csh calcium silicate hydrates which is a strength enhancing compound which improves the strength, durability and appearance of the concrete. Pdf effect of ggbs and curing temperature on microstructure. Influence of micro silica and ggbs on compressive strength. Ggbs is used as a partial replacement for msand, on a onetoone basis by weight. For concrete pavements it is recommended that the proportion of ggbs does not exceed 35% to reduce the risk of freezethaw damage on the weaker concrete and to prevent issues with extended and variable setting times. This means it can be viewed across multiple devices, regardless of the underlying operating system. In southeast asian countries including mainland china and hong kong, ggbs was used in. This 2060% pfa or ggbs were used to replace pc to reduce the carbon footprint of the concrete, utilising high amounts of industrial by product additives and at the same time producing a workable concrete. To combine pdf files into a single pdf document is easier than it looks. Structural and durability properties of concrete made with.
Another major hurdle of extensive use of ggbs concrete lies in the little source of supply of ggbs. Lollipop specimens with steel bars located in the center were prepared and stored in 1m nacl solution for corrosion testing. Pdf studies on optimum usage of ggbs in concrete raja. Ggbs technical data sheet ecocem ground granulated blastfurnace slag is used in combination with portland cement to produce superior longer lasting concrete. Published pdf deposited in coventry universitys repository. Mineral slag used as an alternative of cement in concrete. To study the durability requirements of the ggbs concrete. Concrete embodied co e from cement and additions kgm3 cemi 30% fly ash pfa 50% ggbs 70% ggbs total cementitious content 320 360 330 370 portland cement 320 250 165 110 fly ash 110 ggbs 165 260 total cement and additions co 2e 292 228 161 117 ecoplus concrete incorporating regen is being used in a number of canary wharf projects.
I paid for a pro membership specifically to enable this feature. Ggbs concrete may have lower strength at early ages but the ultimate strength after 28 days remains the same as the ordinary concrete. The objective of this project is to study the effect of class fly ash fa and ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs onthe mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete gpc at different replacement levels. When ggbs particles are also present, both the ggbs in british standards, ggbs is referred to as an addition and portland cement hydrate. Ggbs superfine further trade names reach registration number. Test concretes were made by adding ggbs to concretes in an amount. More than 5,000,000 tonnes of ggbs produced in germany 2006. Eco friendly concrete by using partial replacement of cement. On its own, ggbs hardens very slowly and for use in concrete, it needs to be activated by combining it with portland cement, but percentage of ggbs anywhere between 20 and 80 percent are commonly used. Effect of ggbs and nano silica on the durability properties.
If other conditions apply, particulars of proposed changes to the proportion of ggbs shall be submitted to the engineer for approval. Strength and corrosion resistance properties of ggbs concrete. Ggbs ground granulated blast furnace slag is by product from the blast furnaces used to make iron. All specimens were moist cured for 7, 14 and 28 days for compressive strength, split tensile strength. Ggbs can be used as supplementary cementious material in concrete. So, increasing concrete demand, in turn increases the demand for the raw materials of concrete.
To merge more files follow the same process, your first file in second process will be the output file of first process, and so on. Pdf is a hugely popular format for documents simply because it is independent of the hardware or application used to create that file. Properties of concrete with ground granulated blast furnace. The use of ggbs in concrete has proved to improve certain properties, when compared to portland cement concretes. As hong kong is not a major producer of steel, ggbs as a byproduct of steel has to be imported overseas and this introduces higher material cost due to transportation and the supply of ggbs is unstable and unsteady. Oner a akyuz s 2007 investigated to find the optimum level of optimum level of ground granulated blastfurnace slag ggbs on the compressive strength of concrete. Jul 01, 2000 the ggbs in these concretes confirm to the minimum characteristics specified by astm c989 for use as mineral admixture in concrete with fineness ranging from 350 to 465 m 2 kg, sio 2 from 31. Durability of concrete containing pfaggbs byproducts.
Select multiple pdf files and merge them in seconds. Approximately 2,000,000 tonnes of ggbs produced in uk 2008. What is the advantage of using ggbs as replacement of. Keil, blast furnace slag hochofenschlacke, pp114,1963. This results in low temperature rise and heat of hydration 5. Clyde wind farm, scotland the ecoplus range of high quality sustainable concretes is designed to help you meet current and future environmental agendas. Hydraulic potential of ggbs discovered in germany early 1900s portland blast furnace cements had an established place in the concrete market 2004. Concrete plays a vital role in the development of infrastructure viz. Ggbs, which is a byproduct of the manufacturing of iron in the blast furnace, can partially replace cement in concrete.
Definition, specifications and conformity criteria. The main study of the objective to achieve information about effect of scms on concrete mixes. Pdf granulated blastfurnace slag ggbs based geopolymer. Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. For ggbs contents of up to 60%, curing periods as recommended in is 326 and bs 8110 for portland cement concretes are sufficient. Once youve done it, youll be able to easily send the logos you create to clients, make them available for download, or attach them to emails in a fo. So, in the near future, there will definitely be a shortage in the availability of natural. Study on fly ash and ggbs based geopolymer concrete. One of the fun things about computers is playing with programs like paint. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag ggbs safety data sheet. To analyze effect of ggbs on the properties of fresh concrete especially workability of concrete.
You can use the tools in paint to add something to a different document. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag gcp applied technologies. If other conditions apply, particulars of proposed changes to the proportion of ggbs. The mechanical properties of blended concrete for various levels of cement replacement have been observed as higher than control concrete mix having no ggbs. Pdf studies on optimum usage of ggbs in concrete raja ram. The quantity of ggbs cement must be between 6% and 65% in order to comply with bs 85001. Making a pdf file of a logo is surprisingly easy and is essential for most web designers. Ggbs improves longterm strength, protects concrete from aggressive chemical attack, reduces heat of hydration 35x. Ggbs concrete behaves in a similar manner to fly ash concrete and affects the setting time, strength gain and workability of the concrete. The design of concrete mixes for most purposes, including roads, is covered in this combined work by building research establishment ltd, where it was prepared for publication, the transport research laboratory and the british cement association. Compressive strength of concrete with varying ggbs content from the figure 3. Cement in the concrete was replaced with ggbs at the ratios of 30%, 50% and 70%. The main component of blast furnace slag are cao 3035%, sio2 2838%, al2o3 824% and mgo 118%. If your pdf reader is displaying an error instead of opening a pdf file, chances are that the file is c.
Ggbs physical properties ggbs used in concrete is a byproduct of metallurgical processes, most commonly the blast furnace production of iron from iron ore. When ggbs particles are also present, both the ggbs in british standards, ggbs is referred. Ggbs ground granulated blast furnace slag for concrete. The use of ggbs in concrete is a twofold motive, they being mechanical and durability strengthening with less environmental impact. General specification for civil engineering works amd 12012. Documents that specify or describe the chemical and physical properties of ggbfs are. Concrete is the most famous and extensively used building material, owes to its advantageous properties, production and maintenance over steel and timber.
This project represents study on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete with various mixes. Most electronic documents such as software manuals, hardware manuals and ebooks come in the pdf portable document format file format. Concrete made with the cement should contain not less than 40% ggbs, or 20% fa, or 15% sf. There is therefore no direct economic benefit from using ggbs to replace cem i in concrete, except for its thermal. Design of normal concrete mixes second edition building research establishment this second edition replaces the first, which was revised in 1988. The chemical attacks that hinder the strength of conventional concrete in the fast pace world are sulphate, chloride and acid. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag ggbs identified uses of the substance or mixture used as a cementitious component in concrete, motor and grout. Opc, the availability of alumina in ggbs is higher than opc. Ggbs ground granulated blastfurnace slag to bs en 151671 ground granulated blastfurnace slag for use in concrete mortar and grout part 1 definition, specifications and conformity criteria fly ash fly ash to bs en 4501 fly ash for concrete part 1. Luckily, there are lots of free and paid tools that can compress a pdf file in just a few easy steps. Seminar on ggbs concrete free download as powerpoint presentation.
The pdf format allows you to create documents in countless applications and share them with others for viewing. Ggbs concrete csma the cementitious slag makers association. On its own ggbs hardens slowly and, for use in concrete, it needs to be activated by combining it with an activator typically portland cement cem i but alkali activation is also used. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against use of the substancemixture additives, additives and binders for concrete, mortar and chemistry products for building industries, soil stabilization. The paint program can help you make new image files, but it cannot open document or pdf file. Blast furnace slag ggbs is byproduct from iron manufacturing process. Earlyage strength of ggbs concrete is lower than the normal pc concrete which limits its use in. A typical combination is 50% ggbs with 50% cem i, but percentages of ggbs anywhere between 20 and 80% are commonly used. Ggbs unit price is almost half of the price of cement. Identification of the substancemixture and of the companyundertaking product identification readymixed concrete is a high grade construction material. By michelle rae uy 24 january 2020 knowing how to combine pdf files isnt reserved. Ecocem ggbs replacement greater than 66% is classified as a sulfate resistant cement by en 197 and can be used in aggressive. When the high amount of ggbs is used in the concrete the temperature is low and the reduction in strength during early age is noticeable. This whiter colour is also seen in concrete made with ggbs, especially at addition rates of 50% and above.
Experimental investigation on geopolymer concrete by using. Page 2 of 6 cementitious materials available for use in the uk are. Its replacement has considerable advantages in properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state. Pdf file or convert a pdf file to docx, jpg, or other file format. The use of supplementary cementitious materials as partial replacement to portland cement in concrete is a better step towards. Identified uses of the substance or mixture used as a construction material in public and private infrastructure or construction projects. In this study, geopolymer concrete is produced with fly ash and sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate is used as a binder. As hong kong is not a major producer of steel, ggbs as a byproduct of steel has to be imported overseas and this introduces higher material cost due to transportation and the supply of ggbs. Using ground granulated blastfurnace slag and mineral. Company identification lafarge cement ltd co aggregate industries, bardon hill. And 30% replacement of ggbs is greater than the 50% replacement of ggbs. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements ggbs ground granulated blastfurnace slag to bs en 151671 ground granulated blastfurnace slag for use in concrete mortar and grout part 1 definition. Technical and economical feasibility of using ggbs in long.
Fly ash is replaced by ggbs in proportions of 25%, 50% and 75% to enhance various properties of concrete. From all the available technical literature it is suggested that there are potentially many technical bene. Pdf cement replacement by supplementary cementitious materials. Adobe designed the portable document format, or pdf, to be a document platform viewable on virtually any modern operating system. The longdistance delivery of ggbs not only elevates the cost, but also has a significant environmental impact, e. Used as a cementitious component in concrete, motor and grout.
It can replace 70 per cent or more of the portland cement. This article explains what pdfs are, how to open one, all the different ways. Abstract concrete is a brittle material when it undergoes heavy loads, cracks will form and to reduce this and improve high strength in concrete certain admixtures are used. There are two primary advantages for adding ggbfs to concrete as a. Micro silica in the ternary blend improves the early age performance of concrete. A pdf file is a portable document format file, developed by adobe systems. Strength development characteristics of concrete produced. A total of 150 specimens has been cast and tested according to the is code. On the other side, cost of concrete is attributed to the cost of its ingredients which is scarce and expensive, this leading to usage. Safety data sheet ggbs ground granulated blastfurnace slag. Study on fly ash and ggbs based geopolymer concrete under. High strength concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs thavasumony d, thanappan subash, sheeba d. The normal ratios of aggregates and water to cementitious material in the mix remain unchanged.
Th r esults of c ompressive t est at 28 day specimen 2 compressive strength nmm control concrete 32. Pdf strength and durability studies on ggbs concrete. Performance study on ggbs concrete with robosand ramakrishna samanthula, mahendra reddy polimreddy abstract. Also it is found that the chloride diffusion in the m25 concrete is less than m20 concrete. Nov 01, 2014 water in ggbs concrete takes slightly longer to combine chemically to form hydration products, thus making ggbs concrete a little more sensitive to poor curing. Embodied co e of uk cement, additions and cementitious material. Strength and corrosion resistance properties of ggbs. The study results showed that, with the increase in percentage of ggbs, the chloride diffusion of concrete decreases. Effect of ggbs and fly ash aggregates on properties of. As you know, loading pdf files directly in the georeferencer is impossible.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag ggbs chemical. Ggbs a sustainable material for green building construction ggbs blended concrete have been used successfully in concrete for many years in many countries throughout the world. Properties of concrete with ground granulated blast. A replacement rate of up to 70% is permitted by the i. In this study using nano silica, ground granulated blast furnace slag as partial. Effect of partial replacement of cement with ggbs on. However, some concerns regarding its performance in freezing environments have been raised.
Searching for a specific type of document on the internet is sometimes like looking for a needle in a haystack. Calcium silicate hydrate gel csh, calcium hydroxide ca oh 2 and calcium sulfoaluminate ca 6 al 2 so 4 3. Ggbs cement is added to concrete in the concrete manufacturers batching plant, along with flyash, aggregates and water. Results and discussions in this chapter the cause of, using ggbs with partial replacement of cement as 0%, 20%, 40% and 60%. Depends on the amount of ggbs concrete fabricated from ggbs sets more slowly and gain strength over time. How to shrink a pdf file that is too large techwalla. Experimental investigation on geopolymer concrete by using ggbs. Ggbs is however used within a distance of 100km radius from the source fig. This represents the practical upper limit for crushed stone in the western cape. Concrete is a matrix consists of basic ingredients namely binding material, fine. High strength concrete incorporating ground granulated blast. This whiter colour is also seen in concrete made with ggbs, especially at replacements greater than 50%. High strength concrete incorporating ground granulated.
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